![]() Small mammals, not monkeys, are the suspected reservoir for mpox virus. ![]() Person-to-person transmission has not been observed. ![]() Cowpox virus infection occurs after direct contact with infected animals including incidental hosts. Mammals (e.g., cats, cows, humans) are incidental hosts. CowpoxĬontrary to the disease name, wild rodents are considered the reservoirs for cowpox virus. Human infections with vaccinia virus have occurred in Brazil, Colombia, and India after contact with agricultural animals, often bovids, infected with sylvatic vaccinia-like viruses. One of these vaccines, ACAM2000, is a replication competent vaccinia virus occasionally, infection occurs from touching the fluid or crust material from the inoculation lesion of someone recently vaccinated against smallpox, or from touching contaminated materials like sheets and towels. Vaccinia virus is the live virus component of contemporary smallpox vaccines. Rarely, smallpox spread through air in enclosed settings (airborne transmission). Contact with infectious skin lesions or scabs was a less common mode of transmission but sometimes occurred (e.g., when caregivers cared for patients or washed contaminated clothing). Before smallpox was eradicated, it spread from person to person principally through respiratory droplets. In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared smallpox eradicated however, the threat of reemergence by intentional introduction (e.g., bioterrorism) persists. ![]() Other members of this genus that can infect humans include cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, and mpox virus. Smallpox is caused by variola virus, genus Orthopoxvirus. ![]() CDC Emergency Operations Center (77) Infectious Agent ![]()
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